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Some of the key principles that underlie good practice have been encapsulated by an international community of practitioners in ref.
The field of citizen science is becoming more widely represented worldwide, including well-established regional networks, such as the European Citizen Science Association, the Citizen Science Association in the USA, the Australian Citizen Science Association and globally via the Citizen Science Global Partnership. The range of benefits that citizen science can deliver beyond scientific outcomes include societal impacts such as awareness of local issues and improved public health, policy impacts such as more effective legislation, political impacts including heightened civic participation, economic impacts such as higher-impact public spending and also personal benefits to the participants themselves, from the enjoyment of the activity itself, to new subject-matter knowledge and stronger scientific literacy more generally 29, 30, 31, 32.
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The profile of citizen science is also growing as a key pillar of open science, which encourages scientific collaborations that benefit both science and society, and which opens up the processes of scientific knowledge creation, evaluation and communication to societal actors beyond the professional scientific community 28.
Citizen science research can fill important data gaps across both time and space 23, which might not otherwise be possible without the contribution of many participants, including people with local and lay knowledge 24, 25 or Indigenous knowledge 26, 27. These outcomes include discoveries, such as in astrophysics 12 and archaeology projects 13 new insights, such as in epidemiology 14 and socio-linguistics projects 15 evidence-based policymaking, such as in pollution-monitoring initiatives 16, 17, 18 interventions such as in public health research 19 and environmental governance, including in ecology and biodiversity monitoring initiatives 20, 21, 22. Growing literacy levels and educational attainment in many parts of the world also make it possible for many more people to contribute to knowledge creation in a meaningful way 6, 7.Ĭitizen science initiatives involve the public in the research process to generate genuine scientific outcomes 8, 9, 10, 11. Much of this growth is driven by the availability of information technology infrastructures such as mobile phones and low-cost sensors for gathering and reporting data, the internet for sharing data, and cloud storage for hosting and storing data 4, 5. Finally, we discuss its limitations and challenges and present an outlook for the application of citizen science in multiple science domains.Ĭitizen science, broadly defined as public participation in scientific research and knowledge production, is becoming an increasingly well developed and valued approach with global reach and used in a wide range of scientific domains 1, 2, 3. The aspects of reproducibility and data sharing are considered, placing citizen science within an encompassing open science perspective. We also provide a range of examples to illustrate the diversity of applications, from biodiversity research and land cover assessment to forest health monitoring and marine pollution.
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We highlight key issues in citizen science and how to address them, such as participant engagement and retention, data quality assurance and bias correction, as well as ethical considerations regarding data sharing.
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We present contributory citizen science as a valuable method to scientists and practitioners within the environmental and ecological sciences, focusing on the full life cycle of citizen science practice, from design to implementation, evaluation and data management. Citizen science is an increasingly acknowledged approach applied in many scientific domains, and particularly within the environmental and ecological sciences, in which non-professional participants contribute to data collection to advance scientific research.
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